Section D: Give a long answer to the question given below.
34.b. Carry out the following conversions, stating the condition(s) for each:
i. Ethanol → Ethene
ii. Ethene → Ethane
iii. Ethane → Chloroethane
iv. Ethanol → Ethanoic acid
v. Ethanoic acid → Ethyl ethanoate
ii. Ethene → Ethane
iii. Ethane → Chloroethane
iv. Ethanol → Ethanoic acid
v. Ethanoic acid → Ethyl ethanoate
i. Ethanol → Ethene conversions is reaction.
\(CH_3CH_2OH\) \(\overset{Al_2O_3.573K}{\rightarrow}\) \(CH_2=CH_2\) + \(H_2O\)
Conditions: Pass ethanol vapour overheated aluminium oxide (\(Al_2O_3\)) at around 573 K (300°C). Alternatively, concentrated sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)) can be dehydrated at 443 K (170°C).
ii. Ethene → Ethane conversions is reaction.
\(CH_2=CH_2\) + \(H_2\) \(\overset{Ni.473K}{\rightarrow}\) \(CH_3-CH_3\)
Conditions: Pass ethene over a nickel (\(Ni\)) catalyst at a temperature of about 473 K (200°C) in the presence of hydrogen gas (\(H_2\)).
iii. Ethane → Chloroethane conversions is reaction.
\(CH_3-CH_3\)+ \(Cl_2\) \(\overset{hv}{\rightarrow}\) \(CH_3-CH_2Cl\) + \(HCl)\)
Conditions: Expose ethane to chlorine gas in the presence of ultraviolet light (hv) or at high temperatures. This is a free radical substitution reaction.
iv. Ethanol → Ethanoic acid conversions is reaction.
\(CH_3CH_2OH\) \(\overset{[O] . Acidified-K_2Cr_2O_7}{\rightarrow}\) \(CH_3CH_2-COOH\)
Conditions: Use an oxidizing agent such as acidified potassium dichromate (\(K_2Cr_2O_7\)) in the presence of dilute sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)). The reaction mixture should be heated gently under reflux.
v. Ethanoic acid → Ethyl ethanoate conversions is reaction.
\(CH_3CH_2OH\) \(\overset{Conc. H_2SO_4}{\rightarrow}\) \(CH_3-COO-CH_2CH_3\) + \(H_2O\)
Conditions: Heat a mixture of ethanoic acid and ethanol in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (\(H_2SO_4\)), which acts as a catalyst and dehydrating agent, to promote the esterification reaction.